Dilemma Of Philosophy Of Education Free Essays

The decreased visibility and influence of philosophy of education on the educators’ community at large needs some deliberation. Rene Arcilla (2002) opened the debate with an essay on the subject. This was discussed with a number of educators who had different opinions with some even denying that there was a malady, while others agreed that while it did exist, the causes for the same were different. We will write a custom essay sample on Dilemma Of Philosophy Of Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eric Bredo argued that the problem is due to tension between philosophical credibility and making it relevant to education. The present confusion is apparently that of identity. Harvey Siegel on the other hand states that the crisis is only in the minds of philosophers and states that Arcilla’s argument that philosophers have neglected educators is not valid as educators are not just the K-12 school personnel. (Arcilla, 2002). Barbara Stengel has identified Arcilla’s anxiety with his personal dilemma of identity and indicates that if the role of educational philosophy is to integrate between the two then it is time to undertake the same through action rather than worrying about it. Kathleen Knight Abowitz seeks a solution to the problem in communication by adoption of multifarious approaches by the philosophers of education to include different languages, contexts and concerns of the audiences. Donald Arnstine belongs to the school with does not find any relevance in interaction between philosophers and educators and believes that each operates at a different level and calls for a review of the policy making process. Frederick Ellett feels that there is interaction between philosophers and educators when it involves a level higher than the K-12 educators while Audrey Thomson feels that the problem lies in the unequal relationship wherein philosophy attempts to be the master of the discourse attempting to explain to education how to do better. Gary Fenstermacher is of the view that the issue is overplayed and feels that philosophers and educators are talking with one another. He feels that both are important and right in their own context. On the whole these views of various authors provide many paths for consideration and reflection on the philosophy of education. How to cite Dilemma Of Philosophy Of Education, Papers

Symbolism in One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest free essay sample

The critically acclaimed novel â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest†, written by Ken Kesey, takes place in an Oregon mental institution. The narrator in the story is Chief Bromden, who is of Native American Indian and white descent. He is a paranoid schizophrenic, and pretends to be a mute on the ward as to draw less attraction to himself. The other patients on the ward describe him as being â€Å"deaf and dumb†. When the new patient McMurphy arrives on the ward Chief’s world is turned upside down in more ways than he can imagine, and within this stranger he finds friendship and most of all – himself. In the novel Ken Kesey uses a lot of important religious as well as size and power imagery to show the struggles McMurphy has in helping the other patients find themselves and the lack of personal strength in Chief’s world. He also uses the image of the Combine to show how Chief realises there is a system which tries to encourages full conformity within his society. A lot of the imagery in this novel is religiously based. For example Ellis, one of the Chronic patients on the ward, stands â€Å"crucified† to the wall. His position mimics the shape of the table in the Shock Shop, where patients are given Electro-Shock Therapy to help them with their mental recovery. Both Ellis in his position on the wall, and the patients on the Shock Shop table are strapped with arms outspread, just like how Christ was nailed to the cross. When McMurphy and the Chief are taken to the Disturbed ward they meet a patient who says to them â€Å"I wash my hands of the whole deal†, which brings to mind Pontius Pilate who washed his hands of Christs crucifixion. In the novel Kesey makes illusions to McMurphy being a Christ-like figure, and the references to him holding this position increase in intensity and number as McMurphy’s martyrdom becomes imminent. A good example of this is when McMurphy takes some of the other patients on the ward on a fishing expedition. The patients attending the trip are twelve in number, the same number as Christ disciples. Just before they leave Ellis unhooks his arm, shakes Billy Bibbit’s hand and tells him to be â€Å"a fisher of men†, the same phrase used by Christ when telling his disciples to win people over as converts. The fishing trip can be seen as the ‘salvation’ of the patients, the time when they begin to learn to fend for themselves again. By sitting back on the boat and letting the others handle the storm on their own McMurphy helps them prove their worth to themselves and each other, just as Christ taught the disciples to be self-sufficient in preparation for his own death and departure. The most significant religious image us that both McMurphy and Christ die to save others and give them hope. McMurphy saves the patients from the repressive society they live in and teaches them to have hope in themselves; meanwhile Christ saves mankind from sin and teaches them to have hope in a life eternal. Another form of imagery in the novel OFOTCN is that of size, which the Chief connects with power. Chief describes people by their metaphorical size, not just their physical size. As early as his childhood he applies this theory, a good example being that he sees his father decrease in size as his power declines after the selling of their land and his alcohol addiction increases (â€Å"He didn’t suck out of the bottle, the bottle sucked out of him†) but in contrast he sees his mother grow in stature as she begins to control her husband. The Chief tells McMurphy that his mother was huge but in fact she was an average size of five feet nine inches. Every time Nurse Ratched gets angry at/ or increases her mental control over the patients the Chief sees her to be â€Å"blowing up a size bigger, blowing and puffing, rolling anything in her path†. Although McMurphy is a full head shorter than he is, Chief thinks that McMurphy is a giant for he believes he has a lot of physical and mental power. McMurphy realises that the Chief sees himself as a trapped, small, weak man and promises to restore him to his full height, which he accomplishes by the end of the book. Chief feels his full height of six feet seven inches when the Nurses’ power over him subsides, and he throws the control panel through the window so he can escape from the institution. The last form of imagery I will discuss is that of mechanistic and the existence of the Combine. Chief’s theory is that there is a system of hierarchy within society which uses repressive forces to mow down individuals, much like a combine harvester mows down and harvests wheat. The Chief has recognized the power of the Combine and the potential it has to mow down and mould a man into what it wishes him to be; so when McMurphy enters the ward he warns him about the Combines powerful forces as he realises the Combine will not let a man as big and powerful as McMurphy exist unless he is on their repressive side. Nurse Ratched is a perfect representative of the Combine as she is big, strong and repressive – she keeps the patients in fear and under control. When McMurphy fights against the Nurse he is really striking up against the entire Combine, and in retaliation to his individuality and out of fear for his powerfulness the Combine perform a lobotomy on him to keep him under repressed and under control. Everyone else on the ward (and the rest of the population outside of the institution) are described as machine like beings by Chief, such as the ward attendees with their â€Å"eyes that glitter like the hard glitter of radio tubes† and the Nurse is compared to a diesel truck that smells of burning oil and runs wildly. He believes that the Combine has installed tiny machines in everyone’s brain to make them conform, and when the machines are broken they are sent to the institutions to either get fixed (e. g. given a lobotomy or EST) so they can re enter society or they get thrown away and forgotten (i. e. kept on the ward). When outside the ward on his fishing expedition with the other patients he sees how the Combine has been at work since he had been away; everyone looks alike and lives in identical houses, much like a â€Å"hatch of identical insects†. Through this machinery imagery Kesey seems to be saying that everything we see that is mechanical and man made goes against all that is natural. McMurphy is shown as the natural, savage man, fighting against the Combine and all it’s repressive machinery. In conclusion in the novel OFOTCN written by Ken Kesey, the author uses many forms of imagery to get his messages across, such as religious – drawing comparisons between McMurphy and Christ; size and power – Chiefs struggle to see himself for his true size; and mechanistic – shows The Combine’s power over the book’s society.

Tips for Improving your Essay Writing Skills

Essay writing requires good skills. This article will help you in improving your essay writing skills by just following few simple and easy tips. All the writers can take help from this article and can get the benefit out of it. Step by step writing to write an essay perfectly it is important to go step by step. Essay writing has a proper step by step procedure that a writer should follow. First step is the introduction paragraph in which the topic is introduced, then comes the body of the essay and it then ends up with the concluding essay in which the topic is winded up. Don’t skip these steps and add the content according to the steps. Skipping steps of the essay writing will make the quality of the essay poor and there will be no continuity in the essay which makes the essay weak. Making the mistake at this stage of essay can ruin your entire essay so always start your essay with the very first step keeping the further steps in mind. Authenticity authenticity is highly important in anything may it be a movie, an essay, a thesis or a coursework the authenticity is one most important tool. Authentic essays are always strong and are of excellent quality. Authentic contents are always found from the reliable sources, so adding the content from the reliable primary and secondary sources will make your essay authentic. Writing authentic essays is also a skill that everyone does not have it and some has it so they need to polish it. Relevancy always try making your content relevant to the topic. Adding relevant information and content in the essay can change the entire structure of your essay. Many people choose a different topic and add a slightly different content that doesn’t match their topic or if it is matching so only a particular percentage of the content is relevant but a good writer will make the content 100% relevant because he will know how important the relevancy of the essay is especially in professional life. Adding non-relevant content can also lead your essay to rejection, so it is always better to make preventions instead of curing things later. Originality writing 100% original essay is not a piece of cake nor is it a cup of everyone’s tea. Majority of people are not able to write 100% original content that’s because they run away from the research work. Those who are good with the research work and enjoy the research work usually has this skill but if you are not able to write original content then make  a habit of research every time before start writing an essay. For an essay it is very important to write 100% original essay and that can be possible only with the research work.

Funny Christmas Party Themes

Funny Christmas Party Themes Whether youre planning an evening with the family, or a rambunctious party with your friends, your Ð ¡hristmas get-together will need a theme. And why settle for something boring like Ð ¡hristmas movie night when you can do something completely unique and something that anyone, regardless of age, will enjoy? Lets jump into this list of funny Ð ¡hristmas party themes. Favorite Christmas Song Karaoke Night Now is the best time to start rehearsing those Christmas hits everyone loves for one month out of the year. Everyone loves karaoke, and the kitschy ambiance will make the right guests scream (into the microphone) with glee. Either rent out a space, or, for smaller groups, rent out a karaoke machine to hook up to the TV in your living room. Is this way to spend Christmas seem a bit weird to you? Its because you havent read about other unusual things people do on Christmas. Ugly Sweater Party If you dont own at least one chunky, uneven sweater made by a relative you barely know, youre either lying or just went through your clothes and donated a bunch. Either way, everyone loves an ugly sweater, and an occasion to celebrate our weird love for weirdly-colored holiday-themed garb would be welcome by anyone. Gift Randomizer Its like Secret Santa, except the secret is that no one knows who the gift is for. Tell your guests about the randomizer, set the amount guests are allowed to spend on the gift (over $20 and under $50 is a good range), and expect hilarity. When they arrive, drop everyones names into a hat, and randomize away! It might be more fun to not tell your guests upfront about the randomizer, but expect some sour faces if you decide to do that. It can be hard to buy a gift for someone you dont know well, hope these Christmas gifts ideas will help you. Beach-Themed Christmas Around this time of year, cold temperatures reach the level theyre going to be for the next few months, and everyone starts missing the summer months. Throw a reverse Christmas in July with beach cocktails, beach chairs, and a summer attitude. You can host the party at a location with an indoor pool to give everyone that summer feel. Christmas Movie Marathon Everyone has a Christmas movie from childhood that they love. Movies, after all, is how we fell in love with Christmas, how we mark its arrival on our calendars, and how we feel the magic of the holidays. Ask all your prospective guests what their favorite Christmas movies from childhood are, consolidate them into a top five, and make a playlist! If you get that urge to be a great host around the holidays, you can create decorations for your party based on the Christmas movies youre watching. Gingerbread House Decorator-off Is there anyone who doesnt like decorating gingerbread houses? If you answered yes, dont invite these people to your awesome decorator-off. Buy some pre-made gingerbread houses, separate your guests into groups, and may the most creative gingerbread house win! If your groups turn out to be large, set up a few elements that are mandatory to create, like a Christmas tree, a gingerbread man or a snowman. If you need some inspiration for creating an unusual Christmas tree, you should check out our blog about the weirdest Christmas trees. Decoration-Making Party If your Christmas party is not on the 25th, you can make use of the date and have everyone create fantastic DIY decorations for their homes! Find a few guides online for wreaths, faux Christmas trees, and anything else you can find for your guests to make. Try them out for yourself, and pick out the best ones. Youll effectively be hosting the party and guiding everyone youve invited through the process, so make sure you know what youre doing before you decide on this idea. Did you know that some people celebrate Christmas on the 7th of January? If you dont know why, you should read about this fact and other interesting facts about Christmas right away. Youll be surprised with some of them! And there you have it! Eight fantastic ideas that would make Martha Stewart blush. Take one or a few of these themes, and be the best host or hostess you can be this holidays season. With this list, you are sure to impress anyone. If you have any other awesome Christmas party ideas you are welcome to leave the comments!

Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Quiz - Essay Example With successful implementation, the company could have saved $40M annually (Milton). However, the project was halted in December 2013 with a write off of between $100M to $125M. Avon made a filling in early December 2013 to stop the project. The company sought to stop the project that was rolled out in Canada due to significant market and business disruptions. According to the filing made by the company, the system did not show any clear returns on investments and that the decision to abandon the project was based on the potential risks of further business disruptions (Milton). One of the most successful project in ERP projects of all time is the aluminum company ERP project (Acloa). The company that was started in 1881 embarked on an automation project in 2001. The company contracted Oracle to install and manage and ERP system for their operations in the company and its branches (Micheau 17). With such a big company with branches all over the world, the project was complex and demanding but Oracle managed to pull it off. The project is considered successful because the implementation was able to address all the critical areas of the company’s operations. These are mainly inventory, sales, production and human resource modules of the company. Currently, the company uses ERP system in all its operations including sales management, inventory management, production line management, sales management, and human resource management (Micheau

Features of Postmodernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Features of Postmodernism - Essay Example The modernist believed that science had shaken the foundations of traditional authorities and truths. Modern man could find a new, rational foundation for universal truth; science, particularly, would reveal new truth, which, when applied to modern society and institutions, would literally remake the world. Modernism "... held the extravagant expectation that the arts and sciences would further not only the control of the forces of nature but also the understanding of self and world, moral progress, justice in social institutions, and even human happiness." [2]. Looking to man and not God, the optimism of modernism has proven itself ill-founded. The response has been postmodernism. Postmodernism can be illustrated as a worldview by looking at five presuppositions inherent in the postmodern worldview: (1) The quest for truth is a lost cause. It is a search for a "holy grail" that doesn't exist and never did. Postmodernists argue that objective, universal, knowable truth is mythical; a ll we have ever found in our agonized search for Truth are "truths" that were compelling only in their own time and culture, but true Truth has never been ours. Furthermore, if we make the mistake of claiming to know the Truth, we are deluded at best and dangerous at worst. (2) A person's sense of identity is a composite constructed by the forces of the surrounding culture. Individual consciousness--a vague, "decentered" collection of unconscious and conscious beliefs, knowledge, and intuitions about oneself and the world--is malleable and arrived at through interaction with the surrounding culture. ... Individual consciousness--a vague, "decentered" collection of unconscious and conscious beliefs, knowledge, and intuitions about oneself and the world--is malleable and arrived at through interaction with the surrounding culture. Postmodernism then, in stark contrast to modernism, is about the dissolving of the self. From the postmodernist perspective, we should not think of ourselves as unique, unified, self-conscious, autonomous persons. (3) The languages of our culture (the verbal and visual signs we use to represent the world to ourselves) literally "construct" what we think of as "real" in our everyday existence. In this sense, reality is a "text" or "composite" of texts, and these texts (rather than the God-created reality) are the only reality we can know. Our sense of self--who we are, how we think of ourselves, as well as how we see and interpret the world and give ourselves meaning in it--is subjectively constructed through language. (4) "Reality" is created by those who have power. One of postmodernism's preeminent theorists, Michel Foucault, combines the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche's ideas about how those in power shape the world with a theory of how language is the primary tool for making culture. Foucault argues that whoever dominates or controls the "official" use of language in a society holds the key to social and political power. (Think, for example, of how official political "spin" control of specific words and phrases can alter the public perception of political decisions, policies, and events.) Put simply, Nietzsche said all reality is someone's willful, powerful construction; Foucault says language is the primary tool in

Folic Acid Biotechnological Production and Applications

Folic Acid Biotechnological Production and Applications NUR SHAHIRAH BINTI BAHARUDIN Summary Folic acid (synthetic form) which also known as folate (naturally occurring form) is a member of the water soluble B complex vitamin. Folic acid is man-made. It can be found in many beans, grains, fortified breakfast cereals, pasta, and green vegetables. Folic acid plays big part in building DNA and aids the body to make new new cells, especially red blood cells. Folic acid hold general properties of water-soluble vitamin which are enter the bloodstream properties immediately after being consumed through excretion in urine. Other than that, unlike fat-soluble vitamin, they are easily destroyed in heat or by air pressure. These folic acid are absorbed into blood via portal vein to the liver. Vitamin B9 including folic acid and folate is important for several bodily functions which are used for synthesizing and repairing DNA, RNA and , assisting rapid cell division and growth to produce healthy red blood cells. It is important for pregnant women to have enough folic acid to prevent major birth defects of her babys brain or spine and enhances brain health. The memory is said to be improved through folic acid consumption. The human body does not synthesize folic acid, therefore to make sure we have adequate amounts ,we should take it everyday. To reduce the number of neural tube defects there are many countries are adopted the policy of fortification of folic acid. When fortification is introduced , many people are exposed to an increased intake of folic acid .With this, neural tube defects can be prevented. For animals, diet that consists can influence DNA and histone. This leads to phenotypic changes in next generation. While for humans, the increased intake leads to elev ated blood concentrations and of unmetabolized folic acid. This related to decreased natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and reduce the response to antifolate drugs used against cancer, malaria, and cancer. Keywords : Folic acid, water-soluble vitamin,fat-soluble vitamin, methylation,antifolate 1 INTRODUCTION History of Folic acid Through a research made by Indian scientist, there is connection between the macrocytic anaemia and deficiency in the diet. However, what kind of deficiency was not determined. The name of â€Å"folic acid was suggested which coming from the Latin word for the leaf â€Å"foium†,due to a factor suspected of having vitamin-like properties in animals that was isolated from spinach. In 1945, the importance of folic acid to treat a type of amenia during pregnancy can be seen through a demonstration. In 1962 , Dr. Victor Herbert conducted experiment on himself in order to show a shortage of folic acid caused a type of anemia.The experiment is successful. It was Dr. Herbert’s findings that set the criteria for the diagnosis of folate deficiency and the folic acid adult requirement. Figure 1.1 Chemical Structure of Folic Acid 2 FOLIC ACID BIOLOGICAL ROLES 2.1 DNA and Cell Division For the production DNA and RNA synthesis and maintaining new cells, folate is required. And it is also required in preventing changes to DNA, and, thus, for preventing cancer. More specifically it helps in the manufacture of nucleic acids like Thymine. A folate coenzyme is required for the synthesis of methionine, and methionine is required for the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). SAM is a methyl group (one-carbon unit) donor used in many biological methylation reactions, including the methylation of a number of sites within DNA and RNA. 2.2 Biochemistry of DNA base and amino acid production In the form of a series of tetrahydrofolate (THF) compounds, folate derivatives are substrates in a number of single-carbon-transfer reactions, and also are involved in the synthesis of dTMP (2†²-deoxythymidine-5†²-phosphate) from dUMP (2†²-deoxyuridine-5†²-phosphate). It is a substrate for an important reaction that involves vitamin B12 and it is necessary for the synthesis of DNA and required for all dividing cells. 2.3 Conversion to biologically active derivatives All the biological functions of folic acid are performed by tetrahydrofolate and other derivatives. Their biological availability to the body depends upon dihydrofolate reductase action in the liver. This action is unusually slow in humans. Due to this low activity, it has been suggested this limits the conversion of folic acid into its biologically active forms when folic acid is consumed at levels higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (1 mg/d for adults) 3 FOLIC ACID USES AND EFFECTIVENESS Kidney disease About 90% of people with serious kidney disease have high levels of homocysteine. High levels of homocysteine have been linked to heart disease and stroke.By taking folic acid,it may lower homocysteine levels in people with serious kidney disease. However,through a research, folic acid supplementation are found fail to reduce the risk of heart disease-related events. Colon Cancer Folic acid play big role of protection for patients with the inflammatory bowel condition ulcerative colitis are particularly at risk for colon cancer. In a subsequent study, researchers examined the effects of folate on a laboratory model of colorectal cancer development in mice. They discovered that animals consuming a folate-deficient diet developed intestinal masses, while those mice on a control diet consuming adequate amounts of folate remained free of tumors. The conclusion is that folate deficiency increased DNA damage by decreasing the expression of two genes involved in DNA repair. This study is consistent with the majority of epidemiological studies in humans, which demonstrate a clear link between colorectal cancer development and inadequate folate consumption. 4 Folic Acid : The most essential nutrient for Pregnancy Folic acid is well-known as the most essential nutrient for pregnancy. There are many studies have shown that women can reduce the risk that their baby will be born with a serious neural tube defect ( incomplete development of the brain and spinal cord) up to 70% for women who get 400 micrograms (0.4 milligrams) daily prior to conception and during early pregnancy. The most common neural tube defects are spina bifida, an incomplete closure of the spinal cord and spinal column anencephaly, severe underdevelopment of the brain encephalocele, when brain tissue protrudes out to the skin from an abnormal opening in the skull. Its so important for all women of childbearing age to get enough folic acid , not just those who are planning to become pregnant, because all of these defects occur during the first 28 days of pregnancy usually before a woman even knows shes pregnant. Through a survey, only 50% of pregnancies are planned, so any woman who could become pregnant should make sure shes getting enough folic acid. Folic acid has no use biochemically in the body until it is converted into these other forms of folate such as: Tetrahydrofolate (THF) 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (Folinic acid) 5-10-methylenetetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (Methylfolate 5 FOOD SOURCES OF FOLATE Folic acid is a form of folate. Since folate is water-soluble B vitamin, it is found naturally in foods. This vitamin cannot be synthesized in our body. Folate is important for everyone especially it helps make red blood cells. If you do not have enough folate, you can get a type of anaemia. If you have anaemia you may feel tired, weak and unable to concentrate. Folate also very important for infants, children and women who are pregnant. It helps to prevent some birth defects. Women who could become pregnant, are pregnant or breastfeeding need more folate. They should take a daily folic acid supplement of 400 mcg (0.4 mg).In addition to poor dietary intake of deficient intake of other B vitamins can contribute to folate deficiency. These vitamins include B1, B2, and B3 which are all involved in folate recycling. Poor protein intake can cause deficiency of folate binding protein which is needed for optimal absorption of folate from the intestine, and can also be related to an insuffic ient supply of glycine and serine, the amino acids that directly participate in metabolic recycling of folate. Excessive intake of alcohol, smoking, and heavy coffee drinking can also contribute to folate deficiency. How much folate should everyone aim? Nutrient Interactions How do other nutrients interact with folate ? Vitamins B1, B2, and B3 must be present in adequate amounts to enable folic acid to can hide a vitamin B12 deficiency, by masking blood-related symptoms. A Food Rating System is created in order to better help to identify foods that feature a high concentration of nutrients for the calories they contain, we created This system allows us to highlight the foods that are especially rich in particular nutrients. The following chart shows the Worlds Healthiest Foods that are either an excellent, very good, or good source of folate. Next to each food name, we may find the serving size we used to calculate the food’s nutrient composition Table 1.2 Use the following to determine the intake of folate 6 FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY Shortage of folic acid can cause severe health problems in offspring, including anaemia, cardiovascular and liver diseases. A study out today revealed that the metabolism of folic acid not only impacts the immediate offspring but can also have detrimental health effects on the next several generations due to a mutation in a gene necessary. The new research, which also focus on the molecular mechanism of folic acid. The damaging effects of folic acid deficiency on development are quite renowned. This is demonstrated t by the researchers, from the Universities of Cambridge and Calgary. They used mice in this experiment as they metabolize folic acid very similarly to humans, because folic acid deficiency or mutations in the same genes required to break down folic acid in humans result in similar developmental abnormalities and diseases in mice. This enables the researchers to analyze the effects of how the molecular mechanism of folic acid deficiency impacted development that causing health problems. Other than that, inadequate in either B12 or folate can lead to macrocytic anaemia, a disease which red blood cell are larger than normal. It characterized by the production of fewer but larger red blood cells, thus a reduce ability to carry oxygen. Those affected may be weak, light-headed, and short of breath due to anemia. A deficiency in B12 can also result in varying degrees of neuropathy or nerve damage .The symptoms of lack of B12 can cause itchy and numbness in the persons hands and feet. In severe cases, mental changes that range from confusion and irritability to dementia may appear. For proper foetal development, pregnant women need sufficient amounts of folate.Increased amounts of folate required because of the added stress of rapidly growing cells (the foetus), If a woman has a folate deficiency during pregnancy, it will be quicken during gestation and may lead to premature birth and neural tube birth defects, such as spina bifida, in the child. The number of neural tube defect cases decreased by 36% in the U.S. since focusing on folate supplements during pregnancy. Restless leg syndrome during pregnancy is another neurologic symptom associated with decreased folate.