Financial Difficulties of Those in Poverty Facing a Mental Illness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 559 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Poverty Essay Did you like this example? Annie Harpers article, Relegated to Chronic Poverty: Financial Difficulties Faced by People with Mental Illness in the United States, brings awareness to the financial difficulties that people in poverty face, especially those that are diagnosed with mental illnesses. Along with difficulties from the mental illness itself, managing finances becomes a struggle for people in poverty. In Harpers study, research was conducted to discover more about the financial situation of those that are in poverty and have a mental illness. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Difficulties of Those in Poverty Facing a Mental Illness" essay for you Create order Research showed the people struggle with providing themselves with basic needs, along with financial resources to manage their mental illness symptoms. In response to these results, Harpers research team provided strategies that would help, not fix, the people with their financial difficulties. Harpers argument, which states that the fact that people that are in poverty and face a mental illness needs attention, is convincing and supported well by providing evidence of financial resources that are available to those in poverty, how impoverished people spend their money, and a way to help the people manage their finances. According to Harpers research, services for those in poverty focus mainly finding paid work; however, the people in poverty rarely hold a long-term job, which provides a disadvantage since a long-term job would provide some medical insurance to help their mental illness symptoms. This supports Harpers argument that people in poverty with a mental illness face financial difficulties that If a person in poverty that is diagnosed with a mental illness cannot hold a job that possibly provides medical insurance or a one that provides a steady income to pay for medical expenses, how is a person supposed to pay for their basic needs and treatment for their mental illness? It is often said that people in poverty have problems finding financial resources to support their basic needs, let alone the needs that are associated with a mental illness. When looking at how the research subjects dealt with their financial resources, it was discovered that most of the money they earned or received was spent on basic needs: bills, food, and water. This budget doesnt allow the people to pay for treatment of their mental illness. The research provides evidence for Harpers that impoverished people that are diagnosed with a mental illness face financial difficulties that are worth bringing brought to societys attention. As part of the research, Harper also wanted to provide some financial strategies that could help the people better manage their finances. As part of the program, the research subjects had to meet with a financial counselor to find more efficient ways of managing their financial resources. Although the project was able to help some way for some subjects, the overall need for more financial resources for these people is too great to solve their financial difficulties, which continues to support Harpers argument that the financial difficulties these people face need to be brought to the attention of society. The financial difficulties that people in poverty with a diagnosable mental illness face is an issue that needs to be brought to the attention of society. Harpers argument is supported by evidence of financial services that are offered to those that are in poverty, ways that the people use their financial resources, and ways that have helped some people with managing their financial resources, even though they havent completely solved their issues.

Aliens Built the Pyramids - 713 Words

Aliens built the Egyptian pyramids. Recent research supports the theory that the Pyramids were built long before humans inhabited the area now known as Egypt. It is also nearly impossible for the Egyptians to have lifted and moved the limestone brick used to build these massive structures. Only a more advanced form of life could have constructed such an enormous undertaking, while using advanced mathematics and geography that were not yet known to ancient peoples. Archeologists suggest that the large stones used in building the pyramids were transported by rolling them over logs or a wet, slippery, clay surface. These methods may have been effective in moving the blocks close to the building site, but do not explain how the massive†¦show more content†¦It was a number not calculated accurately to the fourth digit until the 6th century. Because of this knowledge, there is no way the Egyptians built the pyramids. 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Research Literature Review - 1653 Words

SOWK 562 – Summer 2014 Assignment #3: Intervention Literature Review July 20, 2014 Dr. Hsin-Yi Hsiao Intervention Description There are two distinct service models for persons experiencing homelessness that also have issues with mental illness and/or addictions, the treatment first model or the Housing First model. Housing First models utilize a supported housing approach in which consumers start with permanent, independent apartments and providers work with consumers regardless of their symptoms, substance abuse, or whether they participate in formal treatment (Henwood, 2011). The housing is the treatment or intervention and the treatment is offered as long as the client needs the support. Although the housing first†¦show more content†¦Where individuals have been deemed somehow responsible for their homelessness, they have frequently been considered less worthy of support. Another theoretical framework discussed in tandem with the effectiveness of housing first programs is the concept of human agency. Human agency is the idea that individuals understand their problems in context with socially acceptable norms (Parsell, 2014). It recognizes that the homeless population has a unique set of skills and strengths from which they can draw on to navigate their way out of the current situation. People have the capacity to invent new possibilities (Parsell, 2014). Analysis of the Empirical Literature on Intervention In the article written by Benjamin Henwood comparing front line providers’ views of housing first programs versus traditional programs, 41 front line service providers in the New York area were studied using a longitudinal qualitative study. 20 providers used the housing first model and the other 21 used the treatment first model. 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Climate Change Business Risks and Consequences - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Climate Change Business Risks and Consequences. Answer: Introduction: Seven west Media Ltd is a listed company in the ASX and is one of the largest diversified media business in Australia. The company was formed after West Australian Newspapers acquired Seven Media Gruop. The company has dominance in the media industry, having a leading presence in radio, television broad cast, online and magazine publishing as well as newspaper publishing(Advanced audit and assurance, 2013). The company has grown to be the largest commercial television network in Australia and is still making moves to create value to its shareholders by merging and acquiring various companies to boost its bottom line. The company announced that it intends to merge with West Australian Newspaper Holding Ltd (WAN) in a bid to increase its market share(Audit and assurance services (UK), 2007). Companies face all kinds of risks, some are likely to cause serious losses or even bankruptcy. Seven media Ltd has put up departments that deal with risk management. The following are the risks that Seven West Media Ltd faces in the environment that it is operating under. In a world where changes are occurring everyday that may affect the business, it is important for a business to have proper and well laid plans that may counter technological changes, new media companies entering the market, shifts in customer demand and changes in price of raw materials. This is why Seven West Media Ltd has been merging and acquiring other companies to minimize this risk(BPP LEARNING MEDIA., 2017). Laws change all the time and there is always a risk that a company will be required to comply with additional laws and regulations in future. The company should ensure that it complies with all the necessary laws of the land because it may risk closure. Being a company that is listed in the Australian Stock Exchange, the company faces numerous laws for its shares to be traded in the bourse. Australia has put in place many laws to regulate the media industry and others laws are still being made, thus the company faces the risk of not complying with new laws of the land. The company still faces compliance risk by expanding the product line(Audit and assurance (United Kingdom), 2012). This is an internal risk that stems out of the companys day to day operations. The failures of the company, for example, server outage, machine break down, technical failure, people and processes are all forms of operational risks. For a media company, such failures can result to huge losses in terms of profits and market share. In some instances, operational risks may stem out from events that are out of control by the company such as power cut, natural disaster or even a problem with the companys website host. This is why the company needs to put in place measures that may mitigate against this type of risk(Bagshaw, n.d.). This is type of risk refers to the money flowing out and into the company and the possibility of loss of finances(Graham, 2008). For example if a substantial part of the companys profit coming from one stream and debts from the financiers. Business risk industrial level Business risks can be included within the strategic risks of an organization. Strategic risks are risks that arise from the strategic position that the organization takes in the environment in which it develops its activity, therefore they have a double source: on the one hand the own strategic decisions that the organization takes and on the other the environment in that these decisions materialize. In that sense, we can distinguish business risk fro economic risk(Mesa Graziano and Holtzman, 2005). Business Risks: Risks of strategic decisions about products and services or about the organization itself. Non-business risks: External risks arising from the organization's environment, for example from competitors, regulators, public authorities, society, Compliance risks- in the media industry, compliance with the rules and regulations of the industry is required. The relevant regulatory authority must ensure that the laws are followed for compliance purposes. Failure to comply will lead to punitive measures and actions against the media house. Financial risk- this is the risk that the company faces due to its failure to comply to its financial needs. Financial risk leads to crippling of the company in terms of its financial requirements and operational inefficiencies. Operational risk is also another risk that seven can face in the business and the industry due to inability of the company to efficiently do its business. The operations of the business will lead to risks that are either inherent or outside the scope of the company(Mesa Graziano and Holtzman, 2005). Reputational risk- can be brought by the company having a bad name and it takes time for it to recover the good name that it previously had When the auditor supports his or her work with the use of the work of an expert does not mean that when expressing an audit opinion diminishes the responsibility of the auditor, however, the auditor may conclude that the expert's work is adequate for his purposes and accept the findings or conclusions in the field of expertise of the expert as a valid argument in the audit for support as evidence(Carey and Stulz, 2006). When management has made use of the work of an expert for the preparation of financial statements, the auditor may, as previously stated, determine whether it requires the use of the work of an expert or not, but this does not negate that there may be some kind of influence on the procedures performed by the management expert, their scope, objectives, capabilities, competencies and so on with respect to the auditor, thus enabling the auditor to make sound decisions in accordance with the referents previously consulted. Nature, timing and scope of audit processes: When using the work of an expert, it is possible that the risk of detecting significant risks may increase, as there may be limitations of knowledge in certain particular fields other than accounting or audit that the management or the auditor cannot unravel in a simple way. Although the auditor who is not an expert in a relevant field other than accounting and / or auditing may obtain sufficient training, which may be the result of experience in other auditing entities that have required expertise in a particular field in the process of the financial statements, or in the same way the auditor can obtain it with education, courses or other moments that have allowed him to have an understanding in a particular field, so that the auditor can perform the audit without the use of an expert. Preliminary Analytical Procedures Liquidiy Ratio Specific ratio Formulae 2016(in millions) 2015(in millions) Current Ratio Current assets/ Current Liabilities 631/460=1.37 574/412=1.39 Quick Asset Current assets-inventory/ Current Liabilities 631-22/460=1.32 574-22/412=1.34 Cash flow ratio Cash flow from operations/current liabilities 202/460=0.44 283/412=0.69 Preliminary Analytical procedures Ratio Specific ratio Formula Year 2015 Year 2016 Profitability Ratio Net profit ratio Profit Margin = Net Income / Net Sales (revenue) (386)/2780 =(0.139) 197/2828 =0.07 Return on total assets ratio ROTA= EBIT/Total Net Assets Where EBIT= Net Income + Interest expense Tax (768)/5361 =0.143 208/5231 =0.039 Return on shareholders equity ratio RSE= Net profit/ Shareholders Equity (386)/2797 =(0.138) 197/2655 =0.07 Solvency Ratio Times interest earned ratio TIE= EBIT/ Interest expense ( 768)/103 =( 7.45) 208/94 = 2.212 Debt to equity ratio Debt to equity ratio= Total Liability/ Total Equity 460/1195 =0.385 412/1253 =0.329 Trend Analysis 2016(in millions) 2015(in millions) Increase/decrease %change Revenue 1721 1770 -49 49/1770=2.7% Income 184 (1881) 2065 109.8% Net cashflow from operating activities 202 283 -81 28% Expenses 561 579 -18 3.1% Cost of sales 675 694 -19 2.7% The ratios in liquidity seem to be decreasing from 2015 to 2016. The current ratio drops from 1.39 to 1.37 in 2015 and 2016 respectively. In this case the company is doing well although marginally. The company has started to be profitable in 216. In the previous year 2015 it was running at a loss where all the profitability ratios were a negative ratio. In 2016, the company is doing well. Times interest earned ratio increases in 2016 but the debt to equity ratio decreases in 2016. This means that the company earned well in 2015 but reduced its interest earning in 2016. Fraud in a company is almost prone to happen if a company has weak internal control systems to militate against fraudulent activities. A company may face the following fraud risk ; Financial fraud- this is the most common type of fraud faced by companies in the media business and industry. It is orchestrated by rogue employees or external forces that are willing to gain financially from the company. Seven has strong internal financial controls that help in safeguarding and securing their finances. Other fraud may include insurance fraud, fraudulent statements or misstatements of financial reporting and bankruptcy. In this cases of fraud, International audit standard 620 basically defines the auditor's responsibilities when he is auditing the financial statements and finds certain areas in which he does not have the capacity to dictate, due to the limitations in specific knowledge detected, for which he links the work of a person or specialist organization in a field other than accounting and auditing, ie the work of an expert who is characterized by sufficient skill, knowledge and experience in that field and that in some way this procedure seeks to assist the auditor to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence(Atkinson, n.d.). Going concern is the assumption that a company will continue to be operational in the foreseeable future.It is important to note that there are many risk factors for the going concern assumption and that the company may risk its operational ability(Berk and DeMarzo, 2017). The risk factors of seven in going concern include the following; financial fraud that may affect normal business operations of seven rendering it nonfunctional and almost defunct. Regulatory and compliance risk where the regulator which is usually the government in many cases comes up with strigent measures that affect the media leading to closure of business. Other risks include business risk where the environment becomes non conducive leading to the company being a gone concern(Krainer, 2003). Competition is a risk factor that emanates from related parties. This is because seven will face a lot of competition from the industry peers and therefore being a risk factor.? Inherent Risk Assessment Inherent Risk Accounts and Assertions Affected Reason Audit risk Cash and bank account- and the assertions are that a lot of financial resources will be put into the audit risk to see the risk involved. The reason why the account is affected is because these risks involves financial resources consumption of the company where the accounts are usually bank and cash accounts operated. Operational risk Profit and loss account- and the assertions are that a lot of financial resources will be put into the audit risk to see the risk involved The reason why the account is affected is because these risks involves financial resources consumption of the company where the accounts are usually bank and cash accounts operated. Financial risk Cash and bank account- and the assertions are that a lot of financial resources will be put into the audit risk to see the risk involved The reason why the account is affected is because these risks involves financial resources consumption of the company where the accounts are usually bank and cash accounts operated. Business risk Cash and bank account- and the assertions are that a lot of financial resources will be put into the business risk to see the risk involved The reason why the account is affected is because these risks involves financial resources consumption of the company where the accounts are usually bank and cash accounts operated. Compliance risk Cash and bank account- and the assertions are that a lot of financial resources will be put into the audit risk to see the risk involved The reason why the account is affected is because these risks involves financial resources consumption of the company where the accounts are usually bank and cash accounts operated by Seven company. Reputational risk Good will account of the company- and the assertions are that a lot of financial resources will be put into the rectifying the good image of seven involved. The reason why the account is affected is because these risks involves financial resources consumption of the company where the accounts are usually bank and cash accounts operated. Inherent risk level of Seven Inherent risk in the Audit of Seven West Media Ltd financial statements is high because the company operates in a sector that is highly regulated and also because the company has a network of other related entities such as its subsidiaries which could be misrepresented in their financial statements in the absence of relevant financial controls. Inherent risks for the audit of Seven West Media ltd is also high because the audit firm that is conducting the audit has a relatively less understanding of the company(Brealey, Myers and Allen, 2017). Ownership structure: the ownership structure of seven as a listed company is reasonable corporate governance mechanism that ensures that there is effective functioning of the internal controls systems. There is centralized and decentralized ownership, where majority of of equity is held by individual shareholders and there is no balance between interest of the shareholders and the largest shareholders who at times abuse their control which is a serious impediment to internal control(Van Frederikslust, Ang and Sudarsanam, 2008). Validity of interior control: The companys board of directors is an important part of corporate governance of the organization. Their characteristics have a significant effect and impact on the internal control of the company(Stoner and Wankel, 2012). Conclusion The control risk level of Seven West Media ltd is low. This is because as a listed company, the company must have proper controls to achieve required standards of financial reporting and disclosure objectives. There is a corporate code of conduct, procedures and policies , fraud prevention efforts and other activities put in place to reduce any chance of fraud in the company. References Advanced audit and assurance. (2013). Wokingham, Berkshire: Kaplan Pub. Atkinson, S. (n.d.).The business book. Audit and assurance (United Kingdom). (2012). London: BPP. Audit and assurance services (UK). (2007). London: BPP. Bagshaw, K. (n.d.).Audit and assurance. Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2017).Corporate finance. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. BPP LEARNING MEDIA. (2017).ACCA F8 AUDIT AND ASSURANCE. [Place of publication not identified]: BPP LEARNING MEDIA. Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F. (2017).Principles of corporate finance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Carey, M. and Stulz, R. (2006).The risks of financial institutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Eckbo, B. (2008).Handbook of corporate finance. Amsterdam: North Holland. Graham, L. (2008).Internal controls. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Krainer, R. (2003).Corporate finance, governance and business cycles. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Mesa Graziano, C. and Holtzman, M. (2005).Management's reports on internal controls. Florham Park, N.J.: FERF. Stoner, J. and Wankel, C. (2012).Managing climate change business risks and consequences. Palgrave Macmillan. Van Frederikslust, R., Ang, J. and Sudarsanam, P. (2008).Corporate governance and corporate finance. London: Routledge.

Woodrow Wilson free essay sample

A look at Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president of the USA. This paper looks at the 28th president of the USA, Woodrow Wilson. The author touches on his background, the Clayton Anti-trust act, the Federal Reserve act, and The Underwood. The author also discusses women and African American rights and what Wilson did during his administration. Thomas Woodrow Wilson, the schoolmaster in politics, was our 28th president. He was born on December 28,1856 in Staunton, Virginia, son of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Janet Jessie Woodrow Wilson. He was raised in a Scottish-Irish Presbyterian family. During the civil War, the Wilson family moved to Augusta, Georgia, where he was educated at a private school in Augusta. Woodrow Wilson free essay sample The name of the person I read about is Woodrow Wilson,but when he was young people called him Tommy. When Tommy was only a year old his father [Dry. Wilson]moved his family and him from Virginia to Augusta,Georgia. He moved in 1857. Tommys father became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Augusta,Georgia. Woodrow came from a strict,caring household. Dry. Wilson liked to take Woodrow places like cotton mills,iron and steel foundries,and other local industries. He did that to teach Woodrow the manufacturing processes. Dry. Wilson also taught Woodrow respect for other people.His motherless Wilson] was shy and reserved,but looked and acted like Woodrow. Woodworks life was different from mine by the way he went to school. His father taught him till he was nine,and then he went to school. Woodrow spent some of his spare time with his gang, called the Lightproof Club. We will write a custom essay sample on Woodrow Wilson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also when Woodrow was fourteen,his education was continued at a private school with fifty boys enrolled that cost seven dollars an hour. One of the parts of the book that I liked was when Woodrow Wilson won the Presidency. One of the things that helped him win was when he made two alliances. En alliance was made with Colonel Edward M. House. The other was made with William Macombs. Both of these alliances profound effect on his future. A sad Incident that happened In this story was when Woodrow suffered his paralytic stroke. Rumors spread that Woodrow was Incapable of handling even the smallest duties. Wilson kept succeeding though. There was still many people that believed in him. If I could choose one thing that Wilson did that I could do It would be a lawyer. Flirts of all most lawyers make a good living. Another thing Is that people depend on you.Affably It would be challenging for me. The main thing that Wilson Is remembered for Is being President. He really put a lot of effort Into being President. He worked hard,he acted In control,and he acted mature about the situations he was Len. The mall thing Is that he succeeded with what he was doing. Wilson was different In ways. He was business-Like In some ways,and more regular In other ways. An example of when he was business-Like was when he Is In office at his Job. An example of when he was more regular Is when he was at home. Wilson was always smart no matter what situation he was Len.Wilson was also a caring and honest person about his family and his country and also he was not selfish at all. Respect for other people. His motherless Wilson] was shy and reserved,but looked A sad incident that happened in this story was when Woodrow suffered his paralytic stroke. Rumors spread that Woodrow was incapable of handling even the smallest duties. Wilson kept succeeding though. If I could choose one thing that Wilson did that I could do it would be a lawyer. First of all most lawyers make a good living. Another thing is that people depend on you. Finally it would be challenging for me. The main thing that Wilson is remembered for is being President. He really put a lot of effort into being President. He worked hard,he acted in control,and he acted mature about the situations he was in. The main thing is that he succeeded with what Wilson was different in ways. He was business-like in some ways,and more regular in other ways. An example of when he was business-like was when he is in office at his Job. An example of when he was more regular is when he was at home. Wilson was always smart no matter what situation he was in.

Internet Addiction Disorder Essays

Internet Addiction Disorder Essays Internet Addiction Disorder Essay Internet Addiction Disorder Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: Internet Addiction Disorder Introduction Internet addiction disorder refers to a behavioral malady that affects computer users who tend to engulf themselves excessively in computer usage to a point that disrupts their normal lives. It is characterized by net compulsions, cyber-relationship addiction, cybersex addiction, computer addiction and information overload. We live in a digitized world and a great proportion of our activities are better done digitally for efficacy and reliability. The use of computers has therefore become mandatory for everyone in businesses, schools, and even personal use. In addition, the world has become a global village with the incorporation of social networks, search engines and leisure activities in the internet. Mobile phones have also been revolutionized to hold certain internet applications for the owners. Since the idea sprung, some computer and mobile phone users have immersed themselves in the internet such that other normal activities in their lives have been vividly sidelined. Internet usage can only be termed as a disorder if it pushes the user to alienate from important things in his or her life. There has been a debate among different people on whether such consistent and excessive usage of the internet is a fad or a real problem. Therefore, several scientists have taken their stands to clarify the ideology of internet addiction disorder. Fad or Real Problem According to Grohol (1999), a psychologist, there has not been extensive research yet to validate excessive internet use as a disorder since only exploratory surveys were used for determination. Such surveys were not backed by outright rationale to expose the problem clearly as a psychological disorder. Therefore, it still stands on its theoretical base. Due to lack of solid conclusions from the surveys, the terminology for the presumed malady is considered a scientific fallacy. Grohol furthers his thought for internet addiction disorder as a fad when he asserts that just as too much television watching or book reading has not been diagnosed as a disorder. He does not see the reason why internet addiction can be termed as a disorder. Ivan Goldberg, M.D rules out internet addiction as a disorder since he argues that just as workers are addicted to their work to solve other problems in their lives so does internet users. In his view, the workers cannot be termed to have a disorder beca use they are doing it for a worthy cause. Hence, according to him internet addiction disorder is simply a fad. Scientists who believe that internet addiction disorder is a fad argue that the addiction is not necessarily caused by the technology but by people’s behavior when they want to drift away from the problems they are facing in their normal lives. If at all the internet users have no problems in their normal lives, then they are probably compelled to over use it based on other similar interests and behavioral forms such excessive reading books and watching too much television. Cognitive behavior techniques in psychotherapy can be used to correct such behavior. Furthermore, Grohol (1999) believes that case studies are not in any way helpful than the unauthentic surveys because instead of determining the causes and effects, case studies only provoke emotional reactions about the idea of internet over-use. On the other hand, scientists who are out to prove that internet over-use among people is actually a disorder have attempted several affirmations. Young et al (2011) insist that excessive net use is nothing less than a clinical disorder. They emphasize that the human brain undergoes certain morphological changes when a person is addicted to the net in the same way that there are changes in the brains of those addicted to drugs and other detrimental instances. Proponents have based their conclusions on clinical criteria that march the levels of chemical addictions. Internet addiction can cause inefficiency in decision-making among users and with the effect stretched to an experience of short-term memory. Case study on Chinese college students addicted to computers confirmed the morphological brain changes (Shek et al, 2008). Online gambling causes financial strains for users because they indulge in the game and lose a lot of money. Social networks crack physical friendly and family re lations. Online affairs or relations cause unfortunate break ups. For these reasons, proponents strongly believe that internet addiction disorder is a real problem. Young (2011) compares internet addiction to other addictive disorders, which are based on impulse-control. Her criterion for diagnosing the disorder was the use of the Internet Addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire with questions that could guide the respondent to provide measurable evidence. The responses covered a wide range of symptoms such as neglecting friends and family, dishonesty, guilt and anxiety, withdrawal from important schedules, physical problems and inability to control the behavior. Her department, which is known as The Center for Internet Addiction provides treatment for those diagnosed with internet addiction disorder by the application of cognitive behavioral therapy techniques. Conclusion When a person constantly indulges in an activity beyond the required measure, he or she becomes addicted. Addiction causes a mental drift in the life of a person to the point that he or she stops recognizing priorities in life. Cybersex addiction, online gambling, net compulsions and too much engagement in social network, whether categorical or combined, lead to the disruption of a person’s social system. If a person’s social and normal life system is disrupted, there is an underlying disorder responsible for the action; hence, it must be addressed to balance the person’s schedule. However, a lot of research needs to be done to come up with substantial evidence as to why internet addiction is categorized as a disorder that needs psychiatric therapy so that opponents can chip in to play a role in averting it. Work Cited Grohol, JM. â€Å"Too Much Time Online: Internet Addiction or Healthy Social Interactions?† Cyberpsychology Behavior: the Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society. 2.5 (1999): 395-401. Print. Shek, DT, VM Tang, and CY Lo. â€Å"Internet Addiction in Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong: Assessment, Profiles, and Psychosocial Correlates.† Thescientificworldjournal. 8 (2008): 776-87. Print. Young, Kimberly S, and Cristiano N. Abreu. Internet Addiction: A Handbook and Guide to Evaluation and Treatment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2011. Print.

About PACs or Political Action Committees

About PACs or Political Action Committees Political Action Committees, commonly called PACs, are organizations dedicated to raising and spending money to either elect or defeat political candidates. PACs typically represent and advocate for the interests of business and industry, labor or ideological causes. Under current campaign finance laws, a PAC can contribute no more than $5,000 to a candidate committee per election- primary, general or special. In addition, PACs can give up to $15,000 annually to any national political party committee, and $5,000 annually to any other PAC. Individuals can contribute up to $5,000 to a PAC or party committee per calendar year. All PACs must be registered with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) in order to seek and accept contributions. According to the Federal Election Commission, a PAC is any entity that meets one of the following conditions: An authorized committee of a candidateAny club, association or other groups of persons that receives contributions or makes expenditures, either of which aggregate over $1,000 during a calendar yearA local unit of a political party (except a state party committee) that: (1) receives contributions aggregating over $5,000 during a calendar year; (2) makes contributions or expenditures either of which aggregate over $1,000 during a calendar year or (3) makes payments aggregating over $5,000 during a calendar year for certain activities that are exempt from the definitions of contribution and expenditure Where PACS Came From In 1944, the Congress of Industrial Organizations, the CIO part of what is today the AFL-CIO, wanted to help President Franklin Roosevelt get re-elected. Standing in their way was the Smith-Connally Act of 1943, which made it illegal for labor unions to contribute funds to federal candidates. The CIO went around Smith-Connally by urging individual union members to voluntarily contribute money directly to the Roosevelt campaign. It worked very well and PACs or political action committees were born. Since then, PACs have raised billions of dollars for thousands of causes and candidates. Connected PACS Most PACs are directly connected to specific corporations, labor groups, or recognized political parties. Examples of these PACs include Microsoft (a corporate PAC) and the Teamsters Union (organized labor). These PACs may solicit contributions from their employees or members and make contributions in the PACs name to either candidates or political parties. Nonconnected PACS Nonconnected or ideological PACs raise and spend money to elect candidates from any political party who support their ideals or agendas. Nonconnected PACs are made up of individuals or groups of U.S. citizens, not connected to a corporation, a labor party or a political party. Examples of nonconnected PACs include groups like the National Rifle Association (NRA), dedicated to protecting the 2nd Amendment rights of gun owners and dealers, and Emilys List, dedicated to protecting the rights of women to abortion, birth  control, and family planning resources.   A nonconnected PAC can solicit contributions from the general public of U.S. citizens and permanent residents. Leadership PACS The third type of PAC called leadership PACs are formed by politicians to help fund the campaigns of other politicians. Politicians often create leadership PACs in an effort to prove their party loyalty or to further their goal of being elected to a higher office. Under federal election laws, PACs can legally contribute only $5,000 to a candidate committee per election (primary, general or special). They can also give up to $15,000 annually to any national party committee, and $5,000 annually to any other PAC. However, there is no limit to how much PACs can spend on advertising in support of candidates or promote their agendas or beliefs. PACs must register with and file detailed financial reports of monies raised and spent to the Federal Election Commission. How Much Do PACs Contribute to Candidates?   The Federal Election Commissions reports that PACs raised $629.3 million, spent $514.9 million, and contributed $205.1 million to federal candidates from January 1, 2003, through June 30, 2004. This represented a 27% increase in receipts when compared with 2002, while disbursements increased by 24 percent. Contributions to candidates were 13 percent higher than this point in the 2002 campaign. These changes were generally greater than the pattern of growth in PAC activity over the past several election cycles. This is the first election cycle conducted under the rules of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. How Much Can You Donate to a PAC? According to campaign contribution limits established every two years by the Federal Election Commission (FEC), individuals are currently allowed to donate a maximum of $5,000 per year to a PAC. For campaign contribution purposes, the FEC defines a PAC as a committee that makes contributions to other federal political committees. Independent-expenditure-only political committees (sometimes called super PACs) may accept unlimited contributions, including from corporations and labor organizations. Following the Supreme Courts 2014 decision in McCutcheon v. FEC, there is no longer an aggregate limit on how much an individual can give in total to all candidates, PACs and party committees combined.